| Introduction | p. vii |
Chapter 1 | Concepts and Issues | p. 1 |
| Growth of Electronic Records | p. 3 |
| Importance of Electronic Records | p. 7 |
| Issues and Concerns | p. 9 |
| Inadequate Controls | p. 9 |
| Information Redundancy | p. 10 |
| Unstructured Electronic Records | p. 11 |
| System Dependence | p. 13 |
| Media Stability | p. 14 |
| Transparent Arrangement | p. 14 |
| Remote Access | p. 15 |
| General Concerns | p. 15 |
| Program Components | p. 17 |
| Summary | p. 19 |
Chapter 2 | Storage Media for Electronic Recordkeeping | p. 23 |
| Magnetic Media | p. 25 |
| Hard Disks | p. 25 |
| Removable Hard Disks | p. 28 |
| Floppy Disks | p. 30 |
| Nine-Track Computer Tapes | p. 33 |
| Half-Inch Data Cartridges | p. 34 |
| Digital Linear Tape | p. 36 |
| ITO Ultrium | p. 36 |
| Quarter-Inch Cartridges | p. 37 |
| Eight-Millimeter Data Cartridges | p. 38 |
| Digital Audio Tape | p. 40 |
| Audio Tapes | p. 41 |
| Video Tapes | p. 43 |
| Obsolete Magnetic Media | p. 45 |
| Optical Disks | p. 47 |
| Compact Discs | p. 48 |
| DVD Formats | p. 49 |
| MO and UDO Disks | p. 51 |
| Obsolete Optical Disk Formats | p. 52 |
| Other Optical Media | p. 53 |
| Solid State Storage | p. 54 |
| Paper-Based Electronic Media | p. 55 |
| Summary | p. 56 |
Chapter 3 | File Formats for Electronic Records | p. 59 |
| Text Files | p. 60 |
| Coding Schemes | p. 61 |
| Word Processing Files | p. 62 |
| Formats for Compound Documents | p. 65 |
| ASCII Text Files | p. 66 |
| E-mail Messages | p. 67 |
| Spreadsheet Files | p. 68 |
| Databases | p. 69 |
| Image Files | p. 70 |
| File Compression | p. 74 |
| Video Recording Standards | p. 77 |
| Audio File Formats | p. 78 |
| Summary | p. 80 |
Chapter 4 | Inventorying Electronic Records | p. 83 |
| The Inventory Plan | p. 85 |
| Mapping the IT Infrastructure | p. 85 |
| Defining the Inventory Scope | p. 87 |
| Management Support | p. 89 |
| Inventory Method | p. 90 |
| The Survey Instrument | p. 96 |
| Series Title | p. 97 |
| Summary Description | p. 98 |
| Copies / Backup Practices | p. 98 |
| File Type | p. 99 |
| Dates Covered | p. 99 |
| Arrangement | p. 100 |
| Quantity | p. 100 |
| Estimated Growth | p. 101 |
| Physical Storage Requirements | p. 102 |
| Storage Location(s) | p. 103 |
| Media Characteristics | p. 103 |
| Media Manufacturing Date | p. 103 |
| Hardware Environment | p. 104 |
| Software Environment | p. 104 |
| Reference Activity | p. 105 |
| Sensitivity | p. 106 |
| Retention Requirements | p. 106 |
| Relationship to Nonelectronic Records | p. 107 |
| Supporting Files | p. 107 |
| Vital Record Status | p. 107 |
| Inventory Followup | p. 107 |
| Summary | p. 108 |
Chapter 5 | Retention Schedules for Electronic Records | p. 111 |
| Retention Concepts | p. 114 |
| Benefits of Retention Schedules | p. 114 |
| Criteria for Retention Decisions | p. 116 |
| Electronic Records as Official Copies | p. 118 |
| Legally-Mandated Retention Periods | p. 119 |
| Legal Status of Digital Document Images | p. 125 |
| Admissibility of Electronic Records | p. 128 |
| Electronic Records Authentication | p. 129 |
| E-Discovery and the Amended Federal Rules | p. 136 |
| Rule 34(a) | p. 137 |
| Rule 34(b) | p. 138 |
| Rule 16(b) and Rule 26(f) | p. 138 |
| Rule 26(a)(1) | p. 140 |
| Rule 26(b)(2) | p. 141 |
| Other Amended Rules | p. 141 |
| Legal Status of Electronic Signatures | p. 142 |
| Operational Retention Requirements | p. 144 |
| Retention Principles | p. 144 |
| Retention of E-mail | p. 147 |
| Media Stability and System Dependence | p. 153 |
| Data Migration | p. 156 |
| Data Migration Plan | p. 157 |
| Alternatives to Data Migration | p. 158 |
| Summary | p. 159 |
Chapter 6 | Managing Vital Electronic Records | p. 161 |
| Establishing the Vital Records Protection Program | p. 163 |
| Identifying Vital Records | p. 168 |
| Risk Analysis | p. 171 |
| Threats and Vulnerabilities | p. 172 |
| Qualitative Risk Assessment | p. 174 |
| Quantitative Risk Assessment | p. 176 |
| Risk Control | p. 178 |
| Preventive Measures | p. 179 |
| Protective Measures | p. 182 |
| Real-Time Backup | p. 185 |
| Backup Computing Arrangements | p. 185 |
| Auditing for Compliance | p. 188 |
| Summary | p. 188 |
Chapter 7 | Managing Electronic Files and Media | p. 191 |
| Labels and Names | p. 192 |
| Document Management and ECM | p. 197 |
| Records Management Application Software | p. 201 |
| Media Filing Equipment | p. 204 |
| Autochangers and Hierarchical Storage Management | p. 207 |
| Media Management | p. 209 |
| Selecting Blank Media | p. 210 |
| Storage Copies | p. 213 |
| Media Handling | p. 218 |
| Summary | p. 222 |
Appendix A | Suggestions for Further Study and Research | p. 225 |
Appendix B | Glossary | p. 227 |
| Index | p. 239 |
| About the Author | p. 245 |
| About the Association | p. 246 |